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Energie

Kernsplijting is een belangrijke energiebron. Wereldwijd komt ongeveer tien procent van alle elektriciteit uit kerncentrales. In Europa is dat ongeveer een kwart. Niet iedereen is enthousiast over kernenergie. Toch is het onwaarschijnlijk dat we het de komende decennia zonder kernenergie zullen redden. De overstap naar duurzame bronnen gaat langzaam, terwijl de energievraag in de wereld snel groeit. De grootste groei in kernenergievermogen wordt buiten Europa verwacht (China, India, Latijns-Amerika). In Nederland is het aandeel kernenergie bescheiden. Ongeveer vier procent van het totale verbruik in Nederland wordt opgewekt door de kerncentrale Borssele. 


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Kerncentrale Borssele

www.EPZ.nl

Kernenergie wereldwijd

www.world-nuclear.org

Hoe werkt een kerncentrale?

Kernsplijting: het proces

Atoomkernen van het isotoop U-235 kunnen door kernsplijting worden gesplitst tot kleinere kernen onder uitzending van straling, warmte en neutronen. Deze neutronen kunnen op hun beurt weer worden ingevangen door andere atoomkernen van U-235 en zo nieuwe splijtingen veroorzaken waardoor een kettingreactie ontstaat. Een beheersbare kettingreactie vindt plaats in een kernreactor. Om de kettingreactie gaande te houden moet minstens één van de 2 à 3 neutronen die bij een splijting vrijkomen voor een volgende splijting zorgen. In een stabiel opererende reactor is dit het geval en noemen we de reactor ‘kritiek’. Wanneer er meer dan één neutron per splijting overblijft, krijg je een ‘sneeuwbaleffect’. 2 neutronen zorgen elk voor een splijting die beide ook 2 neutronen produceren = 4 neutronen. Die 4 neutronen zorgen voor 4 splijtingen die in totaal 4×2=8 neutronen opleveren, enz. Als dit in een reactor gebeurt, noemen we de reactor superkritisch. Dit wordt gecontroleerd gedaan om een reactor op vermogen te brengen.

Wanneer er minder dan 1 neutron per splijting overblijft, stopt het splijtingsproces en spreek je van een subkritische reactor (de reactor is nu ‘uit’). In de praktijk wordt een kritische reactor stilgezet (subkritisch gemaakt) door er materialen in te brengen die neutronen wegvangen, bijvoorbeeld door regelstaven tussen de splijtstofstaven te laten zakken. Dan ontstaat er een tekort aan neutronen waardoor de kettingreactie stopt. 

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